Complementary feed that supplies nutrients to the Optic Nerve and Retina.

Ginkgo Biloba: It is a neuroprotector of the optic nerve and retina (1). Antioxidative effect on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) (1–4).

Antithrombotic, vasorelaxing and antivasoplastic properties, with increased retinal blood flow (5–7).

Vaccinium myrtillus (European Blueberry): it has been proved in humans that it Increases blood flow to the retina and improves visual function (3, 8).

Vitamin (B3): Precursor of the coenzyme NAD+, essential for mitochondrial functioning and maintenance of RGC functions (9,10).

Protective properties of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells in mice (11).

Vitamins (B9, B12): It has been seen that they decrease homocysteine production in humans, a substance that can lead to ocular degeneration(12, 13).

Citicoline: Increases the level of retinal dopamine and norepinephrine, with a neurostimulating effect (14, 15).

Reduces excitotoxicity and oxidative stress by supporting mitochondrial activity (14, 16).

Prevents thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer in humans (17–20).

COMPOSITION

COMPOSITION PER TABLET (750mg): Tricalcium phosphate; calcium hydrogen orthophosphate; Citicoline (100mg),

Vaccinium myrtillus (24mg), Wheat starch, Magnesium stearate.

ADDITIVES PER TABLET (750mg):

Flavouring agents: Chicken flavouring, Ginkgo biloba L, extract (48mg).

Vitamins: Folic acid (0.08mg); cyanocobalamin (0.001mg); Niacin (6.5mg).

References

(1) Cybulska-Heinrich, A. K., Mozaffarieh, M. & Flammer, J. Ginkgo biloba: An adjuvant therapy for progressive
normal and high tension glaucoma. http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v18/a42 (2012).
(2) Abdel-Kader, R. et al. Stabilization of mitochondrial function by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Pharmacol
Res 56, 493–502 (2007).
(3) Shim, S. H., Kim, J. M., Choi, C. Y., Kim, C. Y. & Park, K. H. Ginkgo biloba extract and bilberry anthocyanins
improve visual function in patients with normal tension glaucoma. J Med Food 15, 818–823 (2012).
(4) Hirooka, K. et al. The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion
cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 28, 153–157 (2004).
(5) Sofi, F. et al. Role of haemorheological factors in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Thromb Haemost 98,
1215–9 (2007).
(6) Huang, S.-Y., Jeng, C., Kao, S.-C., Yu, J. J.-H. & Liu, D.-Z. Improved haemorrheological properties by Ginkgo
biloba extract (Egb 761) in type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with retinopathy. Clin Nutr 23, 615–21 (2004).
(7) Lee, J., Sohn, S. W. & Kee, C. Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on visual field progression in normal tension
glaucoma. J Glaucoma 22, 780–784 (2013).
(8) Yoshida, K., Ohguro, I. & Ohguro, H. Black currant anthocyanins normalized abnormal levels of serum
concentrations of endothelin-1 in patients with glaucoma. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 29,
480–487 (2013).i
(9) Pietris, J. The Role of NAD and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) in Glaucoma: A Literature Review. J Nutr Sci
Vitaminol vol. 68 (2022).
(10) Bhartiya, S. Niacinamide and Neuroprotection: The Glaucoma Holy Grail. Journal of Current Glaucoma
Practice vol. 16 141–143 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1390 (2022).
(11) Williams, P. A. et al. Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science
(1979) 355, 756–760 (2017).
(12) Kang, J. H., Loomis, S. J., Wiggs, J. L., Willett, W. C. & Pasquale, L. R. A prospective study of folate, vitamin B6, and
vitamin B12 intake in relation to exfoliation glaucoma or suspected exfoliation glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 132, 549–559
(2014).
(13) Türkcü, F. M., Köz, O. G., Yarangümeli, A., Oner, V. & Kural, G. Plasma homocysteine, folic acid, and vita₁m₂ ilne vBels in
patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and normotensive glaucoma. Medicina (Kaunas) 49,
214–8 (2013).
(14) Sahin, A. K. & Uzun, A. Effect of oral citicoline therapy on retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer
in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 15, 483–488 (2022).
(15) Oddone, F. et al. Citicoline in Ophthalmological Neurodegenerative Disease: A Comprehensive Review.
Pharmaceuticals 14, 281 (2021).
(16) Martucci, A., Mancino, R., Cesareo, M., Pinazo-Duran, M. D. & Nucci, C. Combined use of coenzyme Q10 and citicoline:
A new possibility for patients with glaucoma. Frontiers in Medicine vol. 9 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1020993
(2022).
(17) Secades, J. J. Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2016 update. Rev Neurol 63, S1–S73 (2016).
(18) Ottobelli, L. et al. Citicoline oral solution in glaucoma: is there a role in slowing disease progression? Ophthalmologica
229, 219–26 (2013).
(19) Roberti, G. et al. Cytidine 51-diphosphocholine (Citicoline) in glaucoma: Rationale of its use, current evidence and
future perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences vol. 16 28401–28417 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijms161226099 (2015).
(20) Sahin, A. K., Kapti, H. B. & Uzun, A. Effect of oral citicoline therapy on retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner
plexiform layer in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 15, 483–488 (2022).